Answer:
The most famous cathedral would be The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican city, located within Rome, Italy.
There are four major basilica cathedrals located in Rome, these are the major basilicas of St John Lateran, St Peter, St Paul outside the Walls, and St Mary Major. Among these four, the St. Peter is the most famous of all because it is the "headquarters" of the Roman Catholics wherein, the Pope resides.
When is a church called Basilica?
A basilica is a church with certain privileges conferred on it by the Pope. In a simplified meaning: a Basilica is a large, important church.
Related topic - Technical definition of cathedral:
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