The scientists were able to show that the outer core is liquid due to the fact that S- waves cannot travel through this Earth’s layer as proven by the S-wave shadow zone (see attach picture). S-wave can only travel in solid medium. The existence of s-wave shadow zone tells us that the interior of the earth is not solid, it could be liquid or gas, but gas is out of the question since it has a lesser density which means that the layer outer core is made up of liquid material.
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The interior of the earth is divided into four layers, each layers have different characteristic unique to them.
Here are the four layers of the Earth
Crust
The crust is the thinnest and the outermost layer of the Earth that extends from the surface to about 32 kilometers below. This are layer where we live and volcanoes, earthquake, and mountain ranges are formed.
Type of crust
Oceanic crust
Are denser and thinner compared to continental crust.
Continental crust
Thicker and are less dense compared to oceanic crust.
Mantle
Beneath the crust is the mantle, which extends to about 2,900 kilometers from the Earth's surface. The mantle is the thickest layer of the earth and is more dense compared to the crust. It is way hotter than the crust and capable of melting it. The upper mantle are plastic, its made up of magma that because of too much heat it flows which causes changes on the surface of the Earth.
Outer Core
The outer core is 2900 kilometers below the surface of the Earth. It is mostly made up of iron and nickel but in liquid phase and its temperature reaches to about 2000°C. Even if the outer core has a high pressure, but due to its much higher temperature, nickel and iron are melted. The outer core is flowing outside the inner core which generate a magnetic field that protects the earth from the dangerous radioactive material coming from the heat of the sun.
Inner Core
The inner core is the deepest layer made up of solid iron and nickel and has a radius of approximately 1,300 kilometers. Its temperature reaches to about 5000°C. The inner have the highest density compared to the other. The heat in the interior of the Earth is caused by the radioactive decay of uranium in the inner core which releases tremendous amount of heat.
The interior of the Earth as presented by any books, videos posted on the internet or movies are all just theories. No one really ever seen what is the interior of the Earth really look like. The ideas of the scientist are just based on their studies about the seismic wave particularly the body waves which travels in the interior of the earth.
Types of Body wave
Primary wave
Is the fastest to travel and it can travel in all medium like solid, liquid and gas medium.
Secondary wave
Travel's slower than primary wave and it can only travel in solid not in liquid. S-wave cannot travel entirely in the interior of the earth as proven by the s-wave shadow zone. This discovery tells us that the interior of the earth is not entirely pure solid, that there is a liquid layer inside our planet since s-wave was not able to pass through to this layer.
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